Iron and Heart Disease

Since the early 1980's scientists have known relationships between high levels of stored iron and heart disease. Today, excess iron may prove to be a more significant risk factor than cholesterol.

Iron is used by all cells of the body. Two important functions include helping to carry oxygen in the red blood cells, where it combines with copper and protein as hemoglobin and in aerobic muscles where it helps form myoglobin to aid in fat burning and muscle contraction. Iron is also important in the brain and nervous system, where it aids in the reduction of neurotransmitters and other brain chemicals, and the protective covering of nerves. Iron is efficiently recycled in the body, with minimal losses during exercise through sweating and in menstruating women. Excess iron loss and/or decreased intake may produce a serious deficiency state. On the other extreme, toxic amounts of iron may deposit in the liver and spleen resulting in cirrhosis of the liver or even diabetes. Also, excess iron is associated with certain neurological problems including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. When the body has enough iron for normal use, the remainder is stored in the form of ferritin. It is these ferritin stores that researchers are now associating with an increase risk of heart disease.

Studies show that the higher ranges of what is still considered "normal" levels of ferritin place individuals at a higher risk for heart disease. Specifically, the risk was more than double with ferritin values above 200 ug/L, where the normal range is up to 350 ug/L. One study showed mean ferritin level to be 231 ug/L in men who had heart attacks compared to 165 ug/L in men who did not. (Toxic levels are around 800 ug/L.)

Recent evidence shows that ferritin may promote the formation of free radicals. In addition to other potential bodily harm from excess free radicals, they may injure cells lining the artery and damage heart muscle as well as increase the level of LDL, the so-called "bad" cholesterol.

The role of vitamin E's positive role in heart disease may be that it serves as an anti-oxidant, preventing excess free radical formation and oxidative damage.

The long term marketing of iron and its relation to fatigue ("iron poor blood") may be one reason for excess accumulation of iron in some individuals. Almost all multiple vitamin/mineral preparation contain it, and many foods are fortified with iron. Certainly if you are deficient, taking an iron supplement is necessary. But without knowing whether this important but potentially harmful mineral is needed, iron supplementation should be avoided.

If a blood test which measures ferritin shows you have too much stored iron, the first thing to do is assess whether you are taking in too much through vitamin/mineral supplements, fortified foods and sometimes even through water supply. Often, excess iron stores are the result of an accumulation of iron over several years' time. And in some situations, the body's metabolism may not be functioning properly, resulting in excess ferritin. Donating blood may be one way to help reduce excess iron stores.

Some researchers now say that high ferritin levels are one of the most significant risk factors for heart disease. Evaluating cholesterol levels along with lifestyles factors such as smoking and exercise as a means of assessing cardiovascular risk is not complete without a simple blood test which measures ferritin.

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